
行走在淺山,聽到「忽悠-忽悠-忽忽忽悠」時,便知道正有一隻大冠鷲在上空盤旋。大冠鷲有時會豎起牠頭上黑白相兼的冠,因此被叫做大冠鷲,又因為牠的褐色腹部上有許多白色斑點,就像梅花鹿的紋路一樣,台語「鹿紋」也是指大冠鷲。除此之外,牠還有一個常被呼喚的名稱:蛇鵰,顧名思義,牠是一種主要食性吃蛇的猛禽,尤其吃白天活動的青蛇。除了蛇,在陰雨天或是溫度低,蛇較少的時候,大冠鷲也會在地面上吃蜥蜴、蚯蚓、蝸牛等獵物。
體型龐大的大冠鷲飛行技巧較不靈活,無法在空中直接捕抓獵物,因此牠的覓食策略便是坐著等待。又因為大冠鷲是一種較不怕人、很適應郊區環境的猛禽,因此很常看到大冠鷲站在淺山環境附近的路燈上,俯視地面,等待獵物。許多人都曾有路過路燈看到大冠鷲,1-2小時後再經過相同位置時,發現大冠鷲還在那裡靜靜等待的經驗。
也因為這樣的覓食策略,大冠鷲可以說是猛禽中不愛出門的「宅冠」。根據衛星發報器的追蹤,發現大冠鷲通常只有在早上,熱氣流上升時乘著風出外覓食,幾乎一天98%的時間都在定點覓食棲息,一天移動距離只有幾百公尺,活動範圍不超過1平方公里。
看起來體型壯碩威猛的大冠鷲,卻也因為體型大又站著不動,讓大冠鷲很容易驚動到其他鳥類。也因此很容易看到大冠鷲被大卷尾追擊或是數隻台灣藍鵲群起攻擊等的畫面。偶爾也會被人發現跟蛇打架打輸,被蛇纏繞全身,與蛇僵持不下的畫面,也都增添大冠鷲的「萌」感與親民感。
整個東亞、東南亞和南亞都有大冠鷲分布,不過每個地方會有些細微的差異,因此大冠鷲被劃分成好幾個亞種,被稱作「大冠鷲複合群」,這也是為何20年內研究大冠鷲的文獻中有許多分類研究,期望能解開大冠鷲分類之謎。
延伸閱讀
台灣研究
- 林文宏,2005。台北地區大冠鷲的繁殖生態綜論。台灣猛禽研究, (5):33-46。
- 黃光瀛,2004。陽明山四種共域猛禽於繁殖期間之食性研究。國立臺灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所博士論文。
- 洪孝宇, 林惠珊, 許雅玟, 林德恩, 林桂賢, & 詹芳澤. (2022). 大冠鷲的農藥加保扶中毒案例. 台灣生物多樣性研究, 24(2), 1-16.
- Chen, C. C., Pei, K. J. C., Lee, F. R., Tzeng, M. P., & Chang, T. C. (2011). Avian pox infection in a free-living crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) in southern Taiwan. Avian Diseases, 55(1), 143-146.
- Chou, T. C., Walther, B. A., & Lee, P. F. (2012). Spacing pattern of the Crested Serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela hoya) in Southern Taiwan. Taiwania, 57(1), 1-13.
- Hsu, H. H., Ding, S. T., Chang, Y. Y., Chao, M. C., Tsao, H. S., Chan, F. T., ... & Wang, P. H. (2013). Development of 24 new microsatellite markers in the Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela hoya). Conservation Genetics Resources, 5, 417-420.
- Hsu, H. A., Wang, P. H., Chao, M. C., Chan, F. T., Wang, L. M., Lin, P. I., ... & Ding, S. T. (2009). Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA to identify several novel markers for sex identification in the crested serpent eagle and crested goshawk. Theriogenology, 72(6), 755-764.
- Walther, B. A., Chou, T. C., & Lee, P. F. (2014). Population density, home range, and habitat use of Crested Serpent-Eagles (Spilornis cheela hoya) in southern Taiwan: Using distance-based analysis and compositional analysis at different spatial scales. Journal of Raptor Research, 48(3), 195-209.
國外研究
- Artuti, A. K., Sari, M., Retnaningtyas, R. W., & Listyorini, D. (2020). A phylogenetic analysis of Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) based on cytochrome-c oxydase subunit I (COI): a stepping stone towards genetic conservation of raptors in Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 590, No. 1, p. 012008). IOP Publishing.
- Gokula, V. (2012). Breeding ecology of the crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela (Latham, 1790)(Aves: Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in Kolli hills, Tamil Nadu, India. TAPROBANICA: The Journal of Asian Biodiversity, 4(2).
- Iqbal, M., Effendi, Z., Kurniawan, C. M. C., Isnandi, I., & Setiawan, D. (2017).Which subspecies of Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela occurs on Bangka island, Sumatra, Indonesia? BirdingASIA 27: 102–106.
- Manchi, S. S., Kawalkar, D., Patel, S., & Sawant, S. (2021). Occupancy and Population Abundance of Two Serpent-Eagles (Spilornis elgini and S. cheela) in the Andaman Islands, India. Journal of Raptor Research, 55(4), 594-604.
- Nijman, V. (2006). The endemic Bawean Serpent-eagle Spilornis baweanus: habitat use, abundance and conservation. Bird Conservation International, 16(2), 131-143.
- Shepherd, C. R. (2018). Observation of a Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela catching and eating worms on the ground in Peninsular Malaysia. BirdingASIA, 29, 90-91.
- Supratman, L., Istiana, R., Dhania, R., & Zufitrianto, H. (2023). Behavioral Study of Crested Serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela) as Conservation Education in Pusat Suaka Satwa Elang Jawa. Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology, 6(1), 21-30.
相關連結