
每年的3月和10月,緊接在遷徙猛禽赤腹鷹之後,會有數萬隻灰面鵟鷹飛越台灣上空,形成密密麻麻的「鷹河」。若想在日落時「觀落鷹」,觀察牠們飛下來過夜休息,3月的彰化八卦山和10月的屏東滿州就是很好的地點。隔日早上也可以觀察到牠們「起鷹」,順著早上的上升氣流一隻隻盤旋起飛形成的「鷹柱」,繼續藉著季風順風展開遷徙旅程。
灰面鵟鷹夏天在西伯利亞、中國東北、韓半島及日本等地繁殖,西伯利亞、中國東北、韓國的灰面鵟鷹通常會沿著中國內陸向中南半島南遷度冬,有些群體則會沿著中國沿岸,飛越台灣後,向菲律賓前進;而日本的灰面鵟鷹則多會沿著琉球群島,經過台灣後再飛往菲律賓。
也因為每年都會「路過」台灣的習性,讓灰面鵟鷹多了許多不同的名字,各地對牠的稱呼都不太一樣,例如彰化大肚山或八卦山的人叫牠們「南路鷹」或「清明鳥」;屏東滿州、台東人則多會叫牠們「山後鳥」或「國慶鳥」。
不只在陸地上可以遠觀牠們,灰面鵟鷹也曾經正大光明地「相約搭便船」過夜小憩,一群40隻出現在巴士海峽的船隻上,利用船隻踏上一小段省力的北返行程,隔日清晨再起飛繼續踏上旅程,也讓人們多了近距離接觸灰面鵟鷹的機會。
不過在1980年代前,不論是台灣、日本、琉球群島或菲律賓等地的人,對灰面鵟鷹的想像多半是良好的蛋白質來源或是可以出口至國外的高價標本。每年的遷徙季也是許多人賺取外快的季節,各地發展出多種狩獵灰面鵟鷹的技術和多元飲食文化。隨著各國的禁獵、保育倡議及國際合作的開展,灰面鵟鷹漸漸從「一萬死九千」的過客與狩獵對象,變成許多人生命中一年兩會的好友。
延伸閱讀
台灣研究
- 墾丁國家公園管理處,2008。風中之翼─灰面鵟鷹的故事(紀錄片)。內政部營建署墾丁國家公園管理處。
- 王克孝、林澤經、徐宗興、蘇俊榮,2016。2012 年台東樂山秋季遷移性猛禽調查,台灣猛禽研究, (16), 40-51。
- 庫曼德,2015。2009 年春灰面鵟鷹在臺灣南部的遷移模式。屏東科技大學野生動物保育研究所碩士論文。
- 黃馨儀,2016。利用氣象雷達探討 2014 年和 2015 年秋季灰面鵟鷹在恆春半島的遷移模式。屏東科技大學野生動物保育研究所碩士論文。
- 湯京平、張元嘉,2013。社區發展、市民社會與生態政治-以恆春半島灰面鷲的參與式保育為例。政治學報, (56), 1-25。
- 楊明淵、洪福龍、顏憶如,2014。2012 年秋季墾丁日行性遷移猛禽調查。台灣猛禽研究, (15), 31-47。
- 楊明淵、洪福龍、謝雯凱、楊建鴻,2013。2011 年春季墾丁日行性遷移猛禽調查。台灣猛禽研究, (14), 21-36。
- Wu, I. C., Cheng, Y. J., Lai, H. C., & Chen, C. C. (2023). Migratory Daily Departure Times of Chinese Sparrowhawks (Accipiter soloensis) and Gray-Faced Buzzards (Butastur indicus) in Taiwan. Journal of Raptor Research, 57(3), 344-351.
國外研究
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- Concepcion, C. B. (2017). Movement ecology of Philippine birds of prey. West Virginia University (Doctor’s degree).
- Deng, W. H. (2006). Breeding habitat selection by sympatric grey-faced buzzards and northern goshawks in northeast China. Journal of Raptor Research, 40(4), 264-269.
- Gan, J. L., Tiongco, A. M., Cervero, M. T. A., Ilustrisimo, L. G., Matipo, S. R., Doca, E. G., & Española, C. P. (2023). Spring Migration of Diurnal Raptors in Northern Luzon, Philippines, along the Oceanic Flyway in 2015 and 2016. Journal of Raptor Research, 57(3), 385-392.
- Horita, M., Imamori, T., Natsukawa, H., & Nonaka, J. (2020). Use of tail feather traits to determine sex of adult Grey-Faced Buzzards (Butastur indicus). Journal of Raptor Research, 54(3), 311-315.
- Kito, K., Fujita, G., Iseki, F., & Miyashita, T. (2021). The significance of region-specific habitat models as revealed by habitat shifts of grey-faced buzzard in response to different agricultural schedules. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 22889.
- Nourani, E., Safi, K., Yamaguchi, N. M., & Higuchi, H. (2018). Raptor migration in an oceanic flyway: wind and geography shape the migratory route of grey-faced buzzards in East Asia. Royal Society open science, 5(3), 171555.
- Ouano, N. B., Baddu, V. D., & Tabian, J. L. T. (2022). Historical–Biographical Study on Grey-Faced Buzzard (Butastur indicus) from the Perspectives of the Old Folks in Sanchez Mira, Cagayan, Philippines. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 15(6), 259-265.
- Puan, C. L., Yeap, C. A., Lim, K. C., Lim, A. T., Khoo, S. S., & Cheung, N. (2014). Northbound migration count of raptors at Tanjung Tuan, Peninsular Malaysia: Magnitude, timing, and flight behavior. Journal of Raptor Research, 48(2), 162-172.
- Sakai, S., Yamaguchi, N., Momose, H., & Higuchi, H. (2011). Seasonal shifts in foraging site and prey of Grey-faced Buzzards (Butastur indicus), breeding in Satoyama habitat of central Japan. Ornithological Science, 10(1), 51-60.
- Shiu, H. J., Tokita, K. I., Morishita, E., Hiraoka, E., Wu, Y., Nakamura, H., & Higuchi, H. (2006). Route and site fidelity of two migratory raptors: Grey-faced Buzzards Butastur indicus and Honey-buzzards Pernis apivorus. Ornithological Science, 5(2), 151-156.
- Shi, X., Xiao, X., Zhao, X., Sun, R., Zhao, X., Choi, C. Y., & Lin, W. (2023). Raptor migration at Guantouling, south-west China: phenology, weather influence and persecution pressure. Bird Conservation International, 33, e2.
- Wich’yanan, L., Nualsri, C., & Jearwattanakanok, A. (2019). Abundance and timing of migratory raptors passing through Khao Dinsor, southern Thailand, in autumn. FORKTAIL 35 (2019): 18–27.
- Wu, Y., Lin, Y. C., & Higuchi, H. (2024). Night Landing of Grey-faced Buzzards (Butastur indicus) on a Ship During Migration. Journal of Raptor Research, 58(1), 125-128.
- Ueta, M., Kurosawa, R., & Matsuno, H. (2006). Habitat loss and the decline of grey-faced buzzards (Butastur indicus) in Tokyo, Japan. Journal of Raptor Research, 40(1), 52-56.