魚鷹

魚鷹在猛禽中十分獨特，牠是唯一可以全身潛入水中捕魚的猛禽，這歸功於牠細緻緊密並且油脂成分較高的羽毛。牠的眼睛和鼻孔也都有膜狀構造，可以在俯衝入水前閉合。牠的雙腳壯碩，爪子彎曲幅度大，再加上有一隻可以向外翻轉的腳趾，讓牠可以在抓魚時靈活翻轉，牢牢抓住滑溜溜的魚。此外，牠還有穿「釘鞋」，足底覆蓋棘刺，讓牠得以適應水邊生活。

魚鷹也如牠的名字，是一種依賴新鮮魚類為食的猛禽。為了吃魚，魚鷹喜歡築巢在水邊，住在森林的魚鷹會依著溪湖築巢，住在都市的同樣也會選擇看的到水的地點棲息，也有生活在海邊的魚鷹，不管如何就是要有水。不過，同樣生活在水邊，喜歡從旁搶劫別人爪中魚的海鵰物種就成了魚鷹的天敵，日本和俄羅斯的魚鷹甚至會避開白尾海鵰，彼此成為此消彼長的競爭對手。

魚鷹雖然廣泛分佈於除南極洲之外的地區，不過各地的魚鷹生長狀況不太一樣。美國魚鷹經歷為收藏標本而被獵殺，以及農藥DDT盛行的年代後，數量曾迅速下降。隨著禁獵與農藥禁用，族群明顯回升，並且快速適應各種人造結構物，舉凡電塔、網路基地台、球場旁的高聳照明燈等，時常造成斷網斷電窘境，也讓一群科學家為解決人鷹衝突傷透腦筋。

歐洲居民對魚鷹的威脅可以追溯到12世紀的「週五吃魚」宗教政策，導致跟人「搶魚」的魚鷹被獵殺。到近代同樣也因為農藥DDT、魚場與標本收藏而遭到射殺，又因為地景變遷，歐洲許多地區的魚鷹族群滅絕。隨著魚鷹的再引入保育策略，歐洲各地魚鷹逐漸恢復。不過歐洲魚鷹較為「害羞」，偏好人為干擾少的環境，且高度依賴人工巢台繁殖。

年輕魚鷹在遷徙的頭幾年容易迷航，有時會發現牠們「搭便船」漂流，甚至有遷徙途中滯留某地，準備好再啟程的習慣。台灣第一筆魚鷹衛星追蹤個體就是隻潛伏在北部高爾夫球場一年的菜鳥魚鷹，趁著2023年春季的尾巴展開北上旅程，本來差點要直直跨海1000公里，卻突然煞車左彎，沿著中國沿海北上，最後抵達南韓東南邊的海岸。也為亞洲遷徙線留下一筆難得的魚鷹遷徙資料。

延伸閱讀

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