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日猛禽

遊隼

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撰文者：廖珮岑

全世界除了南極洲以外，都可以看到遊隼的身影。牠的拉丁學名「Peregrinus」有浪人或旅人的意思，主要是因為遊隼會在冬季時出現在中南歐，反應出遊隼遷徙的習性。不過並非所有遊隼都會遷徙，主要為高緯度地區的遊隼族群會遷徙。由於遊隼可以不依賴熱氣流，自行拍翅遷徙，牠們遷徙時，時常獨來獨往，而且通常直直向著目標而去。目前最遠的遷徙紀錄有從西俄羅斯，行經阿拉伯半島，最後抵達非洲南部的紀錄。

遊隼是目前鳥類飛行速度紀錄中最快的鳥種，擅長從高處高速俯衝至地面，時速可達300 km/hr，且能靈活地迅速轉彎，並快速地攀升回到高空。這樣的速度與機動性，使得牠們非常擅長捕抓鳥類，不論體型和習性，什麼鳥都吃，能根據棲地和季節調整飲食。也因為這樣的狩獵技巧，遊隼自古以來即是鷹獵愛用鳥，尤其在歐洲及阿拉伯半島。

不過也因為遊隼狩獵鳥的習性，牠們與養鴿團體有著漫長的糾葛歷史。以英國為例，英國賽鴿產業歷史悠久，在一次世界大戰期間，鴿子成為軍事情報的傳遞工具，由於信鴿容易被遊隼捕食，戰爭期間甚至興起遊隼懸賞，大量獵殺遊隼。不過後來因為德國也使用信鴿傳遞情報，使得遊隼馴鷹術成為戰時攔截敵方軍情的重要技術。

二次大戰後，遊隼因為殺蟲劑和農藥的不當使用，族群大量下降，導致許多地區幾近野外滅絕。歐美國家為保育遊隼，開始重新引入遊隼，這時的遊隼馴鷹繁殖技術成為保育知識的基石。在遊隼族群量緩慢回升後，部分國家為了增加繁殖遊隼的基因多樣性，開放捕抓野生遊隼，而用於馴鷹的遊隼皆規定為人工合法繁殖之個體。

遊隼於1990年代後逐漸適應城市環境，主要捕食城市中大量出沒的野鴿，在南歐，遊隼融入城市得益於賽鴿產業的興盛。原本被認為是日行性的遊隼，在進駐城市後逐漸適應人造光源，而出現夜間狩獵的習性，除了鳥類，也會捕抓蝙蝠。

遊隼在台灣多是冬候鳥或過境鳥，不過也有留下來繁殖的紀錄。

延伸閱讀

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