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紅隼

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在開闊農地上，遠遠看到一隻紅紅的猛禽正在拍翅定點懸停，極有可能是隻紅隼。紅隼是出名的御風者，牠們擅長利用風，低空飛行巡邏，也可以藉由拍動翅膀停留在高空中，定點觀察地面上的獵物，一看到獵物出沒便能馬上垂直降落襲擊。

牠們御風的能力，也體現在長距離跨海遷徙上，紅隼不只能利用風翱翔，也可以不藉由風自主拍翅前行，因此移動路線極其彈性，通常都是分開遷徙，各走各的路。紅隼遍布整個歐亞大陸，並不是所有紅隼都會遷徙，例如北歐地區的紅隼是真正的遷徙猛禽，每年秋季會大老遠跑到非洲度冬；中歐的紅隼通常只有雌鳥和較年輕的鳥會選擇遷徙；而南歐地區的紅隼則幾乎都是留鳥。不過隨著氣候暖化，食物選擇變多，選擇遷徙的紅隼正在減少，牠們開始傾向停留度冬。

這也歸功於牠們廣泛的食性，紅隼一般喜歡吃老鼠，不過牠們能根據環境進行狩獵上的調整。例如逐漸適應城市生活的紅隼不只更傾向捕食鳥類，牠們還發展出新的覓食策略來捕抓城市裡的蝙蝠和雨燕，牠們會在蝙蝠或雨燕棲息的通風口上方等待伏擊。

原本習慣在洞穴或樹洞中築巢，偶爾也會利用鴉科舊巢繁殖的紅隼，在城市環境中會更頻繁地使用高樓的窗框或陽台等空間築巢，常常打開窗戶突然發現一隻鳥瞪著圓圓黑黑的眼睛，回頭盯著你。

受益於紅隼廣泛的食性和彈性的繁殖環境選擇，有些人開始嘗試在農地附近使用人工巢箱吸引紅隼幫忙捕老鼠，也順便捕鳥類及昆蟲，而紅隼似乎又更喜歡築巢在電線杆上的人工巢箱裡。

隨著全球黑翅鳶迅速的擴散，每年冬季才會來到台灣的紅隼，也因為與黑翅鳶棲位幾乎相同，提高了與黑翅鳶競爭平原棲地的壓力，在台灣的族群量逐漸減少。

延伸閱讀

  1. 徐沛卓、许青，2023。基于卫星追踪的东北地区红隼冬季家域及移动特点。野生动物学报, 44(3)。
  2. 蕭義信. (2010). 天線寶寶—一隻連續 4 年在貢寮鄉田寮洋度冬的紅隼. 台灣猛禽研究, (10), 62-64.
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  5. Carrillo, J., González-Dávila, E., & Ruiz, X. (2017). Breeding diet of Eurasian kestrels Falco tinnunculus on the oceanic island of Tenerife. Ardea, 105(2), 99-111.
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  9. Haddad, E., & Yosef, R. (2022). Cannibalism in common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). acta ethologica, 25(3), 195-197.
  10. Hochleitner, L., Korpimäki, E., Chakarov, N., Isaksson, C., Nebel, C., Renner, S. C., ... & Sumasgutner, P. (2024). Diet diversity, individual heterozygosity and habitat heterogeneity influence health parameters in Eurasian Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus). Ibis.
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  12. Jones, G. C. A., Woods, D., Broom, C. M., Panter, C. T., Sutton, L. J., Drewitt, E. J. A., & Fathers, J. (2024). Fine-Scale Spatial Variation in Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Diet in Southern England Revealed from Indirect Prey Sampling and Direct Stable Usotope Analysis. Ardea, 112(1), 129-141.
  13. Kangas, V. M., Carrillo, J., Debray, P., & Kvist, L. (2018). Bottlenecks, remoteness and admixture shape genetic variation in island populations of Atlantic and Mediterranean common kestrels Falco tinnunculus. Journal of Avian Biology, 49(10), e01768.
  14. Kitowski, I. (2014). The response of Eurasian kestrel Falco tinnunculus to falconry at Deblin military airfield, east Poland. Turkish journal of zoology, 38(3), 298-305.
  15. Kreiderits, A., Gamauf, A., Krenn, H. W., & Sumasgutner, P. (2016). Investigating the influence of local weather conditions and alternative prey composition on the breeding performance of urban Eurasian Kestrels Falco tinnunculus. Bird Study, 63(3), 369-379.
  16. Montoya, A., Cabodevilla, X., Fargallo, J. A., Biescas, E., Mentaberre, G., & Villanúa, D. (2021). Vertebrate diet of the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and barn owl (Tyto alba) in rain-fed crops: implications to the pest control programs. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 67(5), 79.
  17. Morganti, M. (2021). Common kestrel Falco tinnunculus. In Migration Strategies of Birds of Prey in Western Palearctic (pp. 212-216). CRC Press.
  18. Mikula, P., Hromada, M., & Tryjanowski, P. (2013). Bats and Swifts as food of the European Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in a small town in Slovakia. Ornis Fennica, 90(3).
  19. Roos, S., Campbell, S. T., Hartley, G., Shore, R. F., Walker, L. A., & Wilson, J. D. (2021). Annual abundance of common Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) is negatively associated with second generation anticoagulant rodenticides. Ecotoxicology, 30(4), 560-574.
  20. Rzępała, M., Kasprzykowski, Z., Obłoza, P., Mitrus, C., & Golawski, A. (2023). The influence of habitat and the location of nest-boxes on the occupation of boxes and breeding success of the Kestrel Falco tinnunculus. The European Zoological Journal, 90(1), 1-9.
  21. Siverio, F., Trujillo, D., González, C., & Rodríguez, B. (2024). Alloparental Care of Eurasian Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) Broods by Barbary Falcon (F. peregrinus pelegrinoides). Journal of Raptor Research.
  22. Spadetto, L., García-Fernández, A. J., Zamora-López, A., Zamora-Marín, J. M., León-Ortega, M., Tórtola-García, M., ... & Gómez-Ramírez, P. (2024). Comparing anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in barn owl (Tyto alba) and common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus): a biomonitoring study in an agricultural region of Southeastern Spain. Environmental Pollution, 124944.
  23. Sumasgutner, P., Nilles, T., Hykollari, A., de Chapa, M. M., Isaksson, C., Hochleitner, L., ... & Fusani, L. (2023). Integument colouration and circulating carotenoids in relation to urbanisation in Eurasian kestrels (Falco tinnunculus). The Science of Nature, 110(5), 48.
  24. Wang, Y., Liu, H., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Ma, L., & Yi, G. (2019). Polygyny in the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus): behavior, morphology, age, heterozygosity, and relatedness. Journal of Raptor Research, 53(2), 202-206.
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